linguistics

linguistics
[lɪŋˈgwɪstɪks]
plural noun

[treated as sing.]the scientific study of language and its structure, including the study of grammar, syntax, and phonetics. Specific branches of linguistics include sociolinguistics, dialectology, psycholinguistics, computational linguistics, comparative linguistics, and structural linguistics
语言学
defined categories such as the parts of speech, and Priscian, who wrote the standard grammar of Latin. During the Enlightenment the relation between language and logic was much discussed by philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, Leibniz, and Hume. In the 19th century the focus shifted to historical and comparative linguistics, aiming at identifying language families, tracing the history of languages, and reconstructing lost proto-languages such as Indo-European. At the beginning of the 20th century the Swiss structuralist Saussure drew a number of important theoretical distinctions, e.g. between diachronic and synchronic, between signifier and signified, and between syntagmatic structures (words in context) and paradigmatic classes (words in sets, e.g. verbs of perception). American structuralists such as Sapir and Bloomfield insisted on the collection and objective analysis of data, focusing in particular on American Indian languages. A turning point was the publication in 1957 of Noam Chomsky's Syntactic Structures, which marks the beginning of generative grammar, whose objective is the definition of a finite set of rules which, when applied to a finite set of lexical items, will generate all and only the infinite number of well-formed sentences of a language

派生
linguistician
[-ˈstɪʃ(ə)n]
noun

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