penalty

penalty
(pl. -ies)
  1. a punishment imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract
    （因违反法律、规定或合同而受到的）处罚；刑罚
    the charge carries a maximum penalty of ten years' imprisonment.
    该项指控的最高处罚是判以10年监禁。
    ■a disadvantage or unpleasant experience suffered as the result of an action or circumstance
    （行为、环境带来的）不利后果；劣势；苦难
    the cold never leaves my bones these days—one of the penalties of age.
    这些天我总是感到冷，这是年龄变大带来的一种恶果。
  2. (in sports and games) a disadvantage or handicap imposed on a player or team, typically for infringement of rules
    （尤指体育运动或比赛中对犯规选手或 队的）处罚
    ■a kick or shot awarded to a team because of an infringement of the rules by an opponent
    （对犯规队的）罚球
    ■(Bridge)points won by the defenders when a declarer fails to make the contract
    (桥牌)（叫牌者未完成定约时的）罚分
常用词组
under (或 on) penalty of
  1. under the threat of
    在…的威胁下
    he ordered enterprises to fulfil contracts under penalty of strict fines.
    他以严厉罚款相威胁，命令企业履行合同。
语源
  1. early 16th cent.: probably via Anglo-Norman French, from medieval Latin poenalitas, based on poena 'pain'
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