scale

scale1
noun
  1. each of the small, thin horny or bony plates protecting the skin of fish and reptiles, typically overlapping one another
    鱼鳞； 鳞甲
  2. something resembling a fish scale in appearance or function, in particular
    鱼鳞状物，尤指
    ■a thick dry flake of skin
    （皮肤的）鳞屑
    ■a rudimentary leaf, feather, or bract
    鳞叶；鳞苞；鳞羽
    ■each of numerous microscopic tile-like structures covering the wings of butterflies and moths
    （蝴蝶、蛾子等翅膀上细小的）鳞片
  3. [mass noun]a flaky deposit, in particular
    片状沉淀；尤指
    ■a white deposit formed in a kettle, boiler, etc. by the evaporation of water containing lime
    （水壶、锅炉等的） 水垢
    ■tartar formed on teeth
    牙垢
    ■a coating of oxide formed on heated metal
    （加热后金属上形成的）氧化皮
verb
  1. [with obj.]remove scale or scales from
    刮去…的鳞
    he scales the fish and removes the innards.
    他刮去鱼鳞，掏掉鱼的内脏。
    ■remove tartar from (teeth) by scraping them
    除去牙垢
  2. [noobj.][often as noun scaling](especially of the skin) form scales
    （尤指皮肤）生成鳞屑
    moisturizers can ease off drying and scaling.
    润肤霜既能减轻皮肤干燥，又能去除皮屑。
    ■come off in scales or thin pieces; flake off
    （成片状）脱落，剥落
    the paint was scaling from the brick walls.
    油漆正从砖墙上剥落。
常用词组
the scales fall from someone's eyes
  1. someone is no longer deceived
    不再受骗
派生
scaled
adjective
  1. [often in combination]a rough-scaled fish.
    粗鳞鱼。
scaleless
adjective
scaler
noun
语源
  1. Middle English: shortening of Old French escale, from the Germanic base of scale
scale2
noun
  1. (一般作 scales)an instrument for weighing, originally a simple balance (a pair of scales) but now usually a device with an electronic or other internal weighing mechanism
    天平；磅秤
    ■(亦作 scale pan)either of the dishes on a simple balance
    天平盘
    ■(the Scales)the zodiacal sign or constellation Libra
    天秤（星）座
    ■(S. African)a large vessel for beer or other liquor; a measure for drink
    (南非)大（啤）酒杯；（酒的）量器
verb
  1. weigh a specified weight
    称得重量为
    some men scaled less than ninety pounds.
    某些男人体重不足90磅。
常用词组
throw something on (或 into) the scale
  1. emphasize the relevance of something to one side of an argument or debate
    使在辩论中起重要作用；使在辩论中成为有利因素
    we should have thrown on the other scale all that was moderate in the Liberal Party as well.
    我们本来还应该突出自由党温和的一面，以取得优势。
tip (或 turn) the scales
  1. 见 tip
语源
  1. Middle English (in the sense 'drinking cup', surviving in South African English): from Old Norse skál 'bowl', of Germanic origin; related to Dutch schaal, German Schale 'bowl', also to English dialect shale 'dish'
scale3
noun
  1. a graduated range of values forming a standard system for measuring or grading something
    等级；级别
    company employees have hit the top of their pay scales.
    公司雇员已拿到工资的最高级别了。
    two men at opposite ends of the social scale.
    处在社会等级两端的两个人。
    ■a series of marks at regular intervals in a line used in measuring something
    刻度，标度
    the mean delivery time is plotted against a scale on the right.
    平均发货时间按右面的分级表标出。
    ■a device having such a series of marks
    有刻度的量具
    she read the exact distance off a scale.
    她从刻度表读出精确的距离。
    ■a rule determining the distances between such marks
    标尺，刻度尺
    the vertical axis is given on a logarithmic scale.
    纵轴用对数尺标示。
  2. [insing.]the relative size or extent of something
    规模；程度；范围
    no one foresaw the scale of the disaster.
    无人预见到灾难的程度。
    everything in the house is on a grand scale.
    房子里的所有东西都是大号的。
    ■[often as modifier]a ratio of size in a map, model, drawing, or plan
    比例，比例尺
    a one-fifth scale model of a seven-storey building.
    五分之一比例的七层楼房模型。
    an Ordnance map on a scale of 1:2500.
    1∶2500的军用地图。
    ■(全称 scale of notation)(Mathematics)a system of numerical notation in which the value of a digit depends upon its position in the number, successive positions representing successive powers of a fixed base
    (数)进位制
    the conversion of the number to the binary scale.
    把数转换成二进制。
    ■(Photography)the range of exposures over which a photographic material will give an acceptable variation in density
    (摄)影调范围
  3. (Music)an arrangement of the notes in any system of music in ascending or descending order of pitch
    (乐)音阶
    the scale of C major.
    C 大调。
verb
[withobj.]
  1. climb up or over (something high and steep)
    攀登；翻越
    thieves scaled an 8 ft high fence.
    窃贼翻过了八英尺高的栅栏。
  2. represent in proportional dimensions; reduce or increase in size according to a common scale
    （按比例）绘制；（按比例）缩小（或放大）
    [as adj. scaled]scaled plans of the house.
    按比例绘制的房屋图纸。
    ■[no obj.](of a quantity or property) be variable according to a particular scale
    （数量，财产） 按一定比例调节
  3. (N. Amer.)estimate the amount of timber that will be produced from (a log or uncut tree)
    (北美)估算（树木的）产木材量；量（圆木的）材积
常用词组
play (或 sing 或 practise) scales
  1. (Music)perform the notes of a scale as an exercise for the fingers or voice
    (乐)练指法；吊嗓子
to scale
  1. with a uniform reduction or enlargement
    按相同比例缩小（或放大）
    it is hard to build models to scale from a drawing.
    很难根据图片按比例制作模型。
in scale
  1. (of a drawing or model) in proportion to the surroundings
    （图，模型）（与环境）协调，成比例
派生
scaler
noun
语源
  1. late Middle English: from Latin scala 'ladder' (the verb via Old French escaler or medieval Latin scalare 'climb'), from the base of Latin scandere 'to climb'
继承用法
scale something back
  1. (chiefly US)reduce something in size, number, or extent
    (主美)相应缩减
    in the short term, even scaling back defense costs money.
    在短期内，即使缩减防御也要有很多开支。
scale something down (或 scale down)
  1. reduce something (or be reduced) in size, number or extent
    相应缩减
    manufacturing capacity has been scaled down.
    制造能力已经相应缩减。
    his whole income scaled down by 20 per cent.
    他的全部收入减少了20%。
scale something up (或 scale up)
  1. increase something (or be increased) in size or number
    相应增加（或扩大）
    one cannot suddenly scale up a laboratory procedure by a thousandfold.
    我们不可能将实验过程一下子扩大1,000倍。
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