by

by
preposition

identifying the agent performing an action
［表明施动者］由，被
■after a passive verb
［用于被动式动词之后］
the door was opened by my cousin Annie.
门是被我表妹安妮打开的。
damage caused by fire.
火造成的毁坏。
■after a noun denoting an action
［用于表动作的名词之后］
further attacks by the Mob.
黑手党的进一步攻击。
a clear decision by the electorate.
选民所作的明确决定。
■identifying the author of a text, idea, or work of art
［表明文本、观点或艺术品的作者］
a book by Ernest Hemingway.
海明威写的一本书。
[often with verbal noun]indicating the means of achieving something
［表示获得的方法］凭借，用，通过
malaria can be controlled by attacking the parasite.
疟疾可用消杀寄生虫的方法加以控制。
substantiating their opinions by the use of precise textual reference.
用准确的原文引语来证实他们的观点。
they plan to provide further working capital by means of borrowing.
他们打算用借款的方法来提供更多流动资金。
■indicating a term to which an interpretation is to be assigned
［表示待翻译的词］
what is meant by ‘fair’ ?.
“fair”是什么意思？。
■indicating a name according to which a person is known
［表示为人所知的名字］
she mostly calls me by my last name.
她通常叫我的姓。
■indicating the means of transport selected for a journey
［表示旅行所用的交通工具］
the cost of travelling by bus.
乘汽车旅行的花费。
travelling by road to Aylsham.
乘汽车去艾尔舍姆。
■indicating the other parent of someone's child or children
［表示孩子（们）的另一位家长］由…所生
Richard is his son by his third wife.
理查德是他和第三位妻子所生的儿子。
■indicating the sire of a pedigree animal, especially a horse
［表示纯种动物的亲畜，尤指种马］
a black filly by Goldfuerst.
金费尔斯特所生的黑牝马。
■(followed by a noun without a determiner) in various phrases indicating how something happens
［用于多个短语，后接不带限定词的名词，表示事情如何发生］
I heard by chance that she has married again.
我偶然听说她又结婚了。
Anderson, by contrast, rejects this view.
相反，安德森拒绝接受这个观点。
she ate by candlelight.
她在烛光下就餐。
indicating the amount or size of a margin
［表示幅度］以…之差，相差…
the shot missed her by miles.
那一枪没打中她，差了十万八千里。
the raising of VAT by 2.5%.
增值税提高2.5%。
■indicating a quantity or amount
［表示数量或数额］按…计算
billing is by the minute.
以分钟计账。
the drunken yobbos who turned up by the cartload.
一车一车出现的醉酒无赖。
■in phrases indicating something happening repeatedly or progressively, typically with repetition of a unit of time
［表示某物反复发生或逐渐发生，尤用于表时间重复的短语中］（一个）又（一个），（一个）接着（一个）
colours changing minute by minute.
每分钟都在变化的颜色。
the risk becomes worse by the day.
危险与日俱增。
■identifying a parameter
［表明参量］根据，按
a breakdown of employment figures by age and occupation.
按年龄和职业划分的就业数据分类。
■expressing multiplication, especially in dimensions
［表乘法，尤用于面积］乘
a map measuring 400 by 600 mm.
一幅400乘600毫米的地图。
she multiplied it by 89.
她把它乘以89。
indicating a deadline or the end of a particular time period
［表示截止日期或某时期的终结］到…之前；不迟于
I've got to do this report by Monday.
我星期一之前必须做汇报。
by now Kelly needed extensive physiotherapy.
到这时，凯利需要做全面的理疗了。
indicating location of a physical object beside a place or object
在…旁边，靠近
remains were discovered by the roadside.
残骸在路边被发现。
the pram was by the dresser.
婴儿车在带镜衣橱旁边。
■past and beyond
通过；经过
I drove by our house.
我开车经过我们家。
indicating the period in which something happens
在…的时候
this animal always hunts by night.
这种动物总在夜间捕食。
concerning; according to
关于；根据
anything you do is all right by me.
你做的任何事依我看都是对的。
she had done her duty by him.
她已尽了对他的义务。
French
used in mild oaths
［用于誓言中］以…的名义
it was the least he could do, by God.
这是他所能做的最起码的事情了，上帝可作证。

adverb

so as to go past
经过；过去
a car flashed by on the other side of the road.
一辆汽车在路的另一边飞驰而过。
he let only a moment go by.
他只休息了片刻。

(pl. byes)

variant spelling of bye
同 bye

常用词组
by and by

before long; eventually
不久；最终

by the by (或 bye)

incidentally; parenthetically
顺便提一句；插上一句
where's Hector, by the by?.
顺便问一句，赫克托在哪？。

by and large

on the whole; everything considered
总的说来；大体上
mammals have, by and large, bigger brains than reptiles.
总的说来，哺乳动物的脑比爬行动物大。

by oneself

alone
单独地
living in Farley Court by himself.
他独自住在法利大楼。
unaided
独自地
the patient often learns to undress by himself.
病人常要学习自己脱衣服。

by way of

见 way

语源

Old English bī, bi, be, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch bij and German bei

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